How does Flutter’s architecture work?

May 19, 2025

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Flutter's architecture is designed for building high-performance, cross-platform mobile, web, and desktop applications. It uses a layered structure, with each layer having a specific responsibility. Here's how it works:

1. Framework Layer

The framework layer is built using Dart and provides the high-level structure for building applications. It includes:

Widgets: Everything in Flutter is a widget. Widgets are the building blocks for the user interface (UI) and can be either stateless or stateful. They describe how the UI should appear.
Rendering Engine: Flutter uses a Skia-based rendering engine that provides low-level drawing, animation, and touch handling.
Material & Cupertino Widgets: These widgets allow developers to create UIs that mimic the look and feel of Android (Material) or iOS (Cupertino) apps.

2. Engine Layer

The engine layer is responsible for rendering the UI and managing interactions. It is written in C++ and includes:

Skia Graphics Engine: This allows Flutter to render high-quality graphics directly onto the screen.
Dart Runtime: Flutter uses Dart VM for executing code and handling app lifecycle management.
Flutter Shell: This is responsible for platform integration, such as interacting with the operating system and handling input/output operations.

3. Embedder Layer

The embedder layer bridges Flutter with the underlying operating system (iOS, Android, Windows, etc.). It ensures platform-specific behavior and handles integration with native features. This layer manages things like:

Handling OS-specific lifecycle events (e.g., app launch, pause, resume)
Managing input events (e.g., touch, gestures)

4. Platform Channels

To interact with native code (e.g., calling Android or iOS APIs), Flutter uses platform channels to send and receive messages between the Dart code and the native platform code.

Summary

Flutter’s architecture includes the framework layer for building UIs, the engine layer for rendering and performance, the embedder layer for platform-specific integration, and platform channels for native communication. This architecture enables Flutter to deliver high-performance, cross-platform applications.

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