How do Flutter’s navigation and routing systems work?

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Flutter’s navigation and routing systems manage how users move between screens (widgets) in an app. Flutter provides both imperative and declarative approaches for routing.

1. Imperative Navigation (Navigator 1.0)

This is the traditional approach using the Navigator class and route stack. You can push or pop routes manually:

  • Navigator.push(context, MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => SecondPage()))
    pushes a new route (screen) onto the stack.

  • Navigator.pop(context)
    removes the top route, returning to the previous screen.

You define routes either inline or using a routes map in MaterialApp:

2. Declarative Navigation (Navigator 2.0)

Navigator 2.0 offers more control, especially for web or deep linking. It uses a declarative API with Router, RouteInformationParser, and RouterDelegate. This allows the UI to rebuild based on application state changes.

Key components:

  • RouteInformationParser: Converts route info (e.g., from the URL) into app state.

  • RouterDelegate: Builds the UI based on the current app state.

  • Router: Combines both to manage navigation declaratively.

3. Named Routes and on Generate Route

Named routes help organize navigation logic, while onGenerateRoute provides dynamic routing for undefined routes.

Flutter also supports deep linking, transition animations, and custom route classes, enabling robust and scalable navigation for apps of any complexity.

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